The United States International Trade Commission (USITC, sometimes I.T.C.) is an independent, bipartisan, quasi-judicial, federal agency of the United States that provides trade expertise to both the legislative and executive branches. Furthermore, the agency determines the impact of imports on U.S. industries and directs actions against unfair trade practices, such as subsidies, dumping, patent, trademark, and copyright infringement.
Video United States International Trade Commission
The USITC was established by the U.S. Congress on September 8, 1916, as the U.S. Tariff Commission. In 1974, the name was changed to the U.S. International Trade Commission by section 171 of the Trade Act of 1974. Statutory authority for the USITC's responsibilities is provided by the following legislation:
- Tariff Act of 1930
- Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933
- Trade Expansion Act of 1962
- Trade Act of 1974
- Trade Agreements Act of 1979
- Trade and Tariff Act of 1984
- Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988
- Uruguay Round Agreements Act of 1994
Maps United States International Trade Commission
Mission
The U.S. International Trade Commission seeks to:
- Administer U.S. trade remedy laws within its mandate in a fair and objective manner;
- Provide the President, Office of the United States Trade Representative, and Congress with independent, quality analysis, information, and support on matters of tariffs and international trade and competitiveness; and
- Maintain the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States.
In so doing, the Commission serves the public by implementing U.S. law and contributing to the development and implementation of sound and informed U.S. trade policy.
The USITC's five operations are:
- Import Injury Investigations
- Intellectual Property-Based Import Investigations
- Research Program
- Trade Information Services
- Trade Policy Support
Commissioners
The President nominates and the U.S. Senate confirms the six commissioners who make up the USITC. The President and the Secretary of State sign the formal commission.
Commissioners terms are nine years, or, when filling a vacated seat, for the remainder of a term. Their terms are staggered to end 18 months apart. Commissioners may not be reappointed at the start of a new term unless they have served less than five years, although commissioners stay on past the end of their term until their successor is appointed and confirmed. No more than three of the Commissioners may be of the same political party.
The Chairman and Vice Chairman's terms are for two years, and successive Chairmen may not be of the same political party. Only a Commissioner with more than one year of service may be designated Chairman.
The commissioners are (in order of seniority):
- Rhonda Schnare Schmidtlein (Chairman) (D-Missouri; sworn in April 28, 2014, for a term expiring on December 16, 2021; Chairman, January 13, 2017 to June 16, 2018)
- David S. Johanson (Vice Chairman) (R-Texas; sworn in December 8, 2011, for a term expiring on December 16, 2018; Vice Chairman, August 11, 2016 to June 16, 2018)
- Meredith Broadbent (R-Virginia; sworn in September 10, 2012, for a term expiring on June 16, 2017)
- Irving A. Williamson (D-New York; sworn in February 7, 2007, term expired June 16, 2014, and continues to serve until replaced)
- Vacant (vacated by F. Scott Kieff, June 30, 2017)
- Vacant (vacated by Dean A. Pinkert)
On June 26, 2017, President Trump renominated Jason Kearns, a Democrat, for the term ending December 16, 2024. Kearns was previously nominated by President Obama.
Hearings
Although the USITC is not a court, its administrative law judges conduct trial-type official administrative hearings. If a Section 337 Tariff Act complaint has at least three votes from its six Commissioners, an official investigative hearing will be assigned to an administrative law judge. Several dozen new USITC investigations are filed every year. Judicial review is normally exercised by the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. After the parties have had the opportunity to conduct fact and expert discovery to develop their respective legal positions, the ALJ (administrative law judge) holds a formal, evidentiary hearing, or trial. There is no jury: rather, it is a bench trial. About three months after considering the arguments of the parties, the ALJ renders an initial determination (ID). The full ITC reviews and may adopt, modify or reverse the ALJ's initial determination. The ITC's final determination is usually issued about four months after the ALJ's ID.
History
As part of a large group of legislation passed during the Progressive Era in the early 1900s, U.S. Congress established the United States Tariff Commission in 1916, which had a purpose to apply scientific principles to the study of tariffs and to assist in recommending appropriate tariff levels. Frank Taussig, then an Economics professor at Harvard University, was named the U.S. Tariff Commission's very first Chairman. The first offices of the U.S. Tariff Commission were located at 1322 New York Avenue, Washington D.C. Also in 1921, the U.S. Tariff Commission moved to the Old Post Office Building at 7th and E Street NW.
Effective January 1, 1975, the U.S. Tariff Commission was renamed the U.S. International Trade Commission. The USITC had a number of new responsibilities under the Trade Act of 1974, and commission procedures under Section 337 of Tariff Act of 1930 were greatly changed, and Section 337 proceedings brought before Administrative Law Judges had to now conform with the Administrative Procedure Act. Section 337 decisions were also made final, instead of advisory (although subject to presidential disapproval due to policy reasons), and the USITC was also authorized to issue cease and desist orders in addition to exclusion orders.
In 1988, the USITC moved its quarters from the Old Post Office Building to the building it remains in to this day, 500 E Street SW.
Past commissioners of the USITC include:
- Daniel R. Pearson (R-MN; sworn in August 8, 2003, for a term expiring on June 16, 2011)
- Shara L. Aranoff (D-MD; sworn in September 6, 2005, for a term expiring on December 16, 2012)
- Dean A. Pinkert (D-VA; sworn in February 26, 2007, for a term expiring on December 16, 2015)
On January 4, 1985, a USITC decision in favor of Duracell was overturned by President Ronald Reagan. The case involved the import of alkaline batteries in competition with Duracell, the American manufacturer that developed them.
On August 3, 2013, President Barack Obama overturned the commission's decision in investigation No. 337-TA-794 that would have banned Apple Inc. from importing several of its older products.
In January 2015 details from the Sony Pictures Entertainment hack revealed the MPAA's lobbying of the USITC to mandate US ISPs either at the internet transit level or consumer level internet service provider, implement IP address blocking pirate websites as well as linking websites.
In January 2016 it became known, that the commission was charged with investigating the likely impact of the TPP on the U.S. economy and specific industries. It will calculate the estimated impact on gross domestic product, exports and imports, employment opportunities, and U.S. consumers.
In January 2018 in a surprise decision the commission unanimously overturned a 292% trade tariff that had been imposed on the aircraft manufacturer Bombardier Aerospace.
See also
- Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
- Doha Round
- Generalized System of Preferences
- Title 19 of the Code of Federal Regulations
- International Trade Administration
- Office of the United States Trade Representative
- United States Commercial Service
References
External links
- Official website
- International Trade Commission in the Federal Register
- Works by United States Tariff Commission at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about United States International Trade Commission at Internet Archive
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